logoAiPathly

Growth Data Scientist

first image

Overview

The field of data science is experiencing significant growth and continues to be a highly sought-after profession. This overview highlights key aspects of careers in data science:

Job Growth and Demand

  • The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 36% growth in employment for data scientists from 2021 to 2031, making it one of the fastest-growing occupations.
  • Jobs in computer and data science are expected to grow by 22% between 2020 and 2030, underscoring the robust demand in the field.

Skills and Requirements

  • Essential skills include a solid foundation in mathematics, statistics, and computer science.
  • Proficiency in programming languages such as Python, R, SQL, and SAS is crucial.
  • Advanced skills in machine learning, deep learning, data visualization, and big data processing are increasingly in demand.
  • Knowledge of cloud computing, data engineering, and data architecture is becoming more critical, especially in smaller firms.
  • Soft skills such as communication, attention to detail, and problem-solving are essential for success.

Education and Qualifications

  • While a specific degree in data science is not always required, employers often prefer candidates with higher education in related fields.
  • About 33% of job ads specifically require a data science degree, but many employers value relevant skills and experience.
  • Online courses, certifications, and bootcamps can provide necessary skills to enter the field.

Job Roles and Responsibilities

  • Data scientists translate business objectives into coherent data strategies, find patterns in datasets, develop predictive models, and communicate insights to teams and senior staff.
  • They act as problem solvers and storytellers, using data to uncover hidden patterns and inform business decisions.

Salary and Career Opportunities

  • The average salary for a data scientist in the U.S. is approximately $125,242 per year, varying based on industry, education, and company size.
  • Career paths include roles such as business intelligence analyst, data analyst, data architect, data engineer, and machine learning engineer. In summary, the demand for data scientists continues to grow, driven by the increasing need for data-driven decision-making across various industries. Success in this field requires a strong technical skillset, relevant education, and effective communication of complex insights.

Core Responsibilities

Data Scientists, particularly those focusing on growth and business development, have several key responsibilities:

1. Data Collection and Preprocessing

  • Gather data from various sources, including internal databases, online repositories, and external datasets.
  • Clean and preprocess data to ensure accuracy, completeness, and proper formatting for analysis.

2. Data Analysis and Visualization

  • Apply statistical techniques and tools to uncover trends, patterns, and correlations in prepared data.
  • Create visual representations of data insights using tools like Tableau, Power BI, or matplotlib to make information accessible to stakeholders.

3. Predictive Modeling

  • Develop predictive models and algorithms to forecast trends and behaviors based on historical data.
  • Select appropriate machine learning algorithms to create models that predict future outcomes, such as customer behavior or market trends.

4. Cross-functional Collaboration

  • Work closely with various teams, including marketing, finance, and operations, to integrate data insights into business strategies.
  • Effectively communicate complex data findings to stakeholders, translating technical information into actionable business language.

5. Strategy and Innovation

  • Advance innovative strategies to understand consumer behaviors and address complex business problems.
  • Explore new market trends and technologies to implement data-driven strategies that drive business growth.

6. Data-Driven Decision Making

  • Interpret and process data to make quality decisions aligned with business objectives.
  • Analyze business trends and opportunities, collaborating with stakeholders to achieve organizational goals.

7. Continuous Improvement

  • Gather feedback to inform new decisions and continuously enhance data-driven solutions.
  • Iterate on data analysis processes and model improvements to solve evolving business challenges. By fulfilling these core responsibilities, Data Scientists play a crucial role in transforming raw data into actionable insights that drive strategic business decisions and foster growth.

Requirements

To thrive and advance as a data scientist, you need a combination of technical expertise, soft skills, and a commitment to continuous learning. Here are the key requirements:

Technical Skills

  1. Programming Languages: Proficiency in Python, R, and SQL for data manipulation, algorithm implementation, and database management.
  2. Data Visualization: Mastery of tools like Tableau, Power BI, Matplotlib, and Seaborn for effective data communication.
  3. Machine Learning and AI: Understanding of frameworks such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Scikit-Learn, along with techniques in natural language processing, classification, clustering, and deep learning.
  4. Big Data Technologies: Familiarity with distributed computing frameworks (e.g., Apache Hadoop, Spark) and cloud platforms (e.g., AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud).
  5. Mathematics and Statistics: Strong foundation in linear algebra, calculus, and probability, crucial for statistical analysis and machine learning.

Non-Technical Skills

  1. Communication: Ability to explain complex data findings to both technical and non-technical stakeholders through strong writing and speaking skills.
  2. Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking: Analytical skills to recognize and resolve challenging data issues and provide innovative approaches to data interpretation.
  3. Collaboration and Teamwork: Capacity to work with cross-functional teams, collaborate with business executives, and mentor junior team members.
  4. Business Acumen: Understanding of market trends and business operations to align data insights with organizational objectives.
  5. Time Management and Adaptability: Effective prioritization of tasks and ability to adapt to new methods, tools, and technologies.
  6. Ethical Awareness: Understanding of data security, privacy, and ethical considerations in data management.

Educational Background and Career Progression

  1. Education: Typically, a bachelor's degree in a relevant field such as computer science, statistics, mathematics, or data science. Advanced degrees can enhance job prospects and provide deeper knowledge.
  2. Career Path: Start with entry-level positions like data analyst or junior data scientist, then progress to more senior roles. Continuous learning and practical experience are crucial for advancement.
  3. Certifications and Portfolio: Build an online portfolio of relevant work and consider additional certifications (e.g., Certified Analytics Professional, Cloudera Data Platform Generalist Certification) to boost career growth.

Continuous Learning

  • Stay updated with the latest developments in data science, including new tools, technologies, and methodologies.
  • Engage in ongoing professional development through courses, workshops, conferences, and industry publications. By focusing on these technical and non-technical skills, maintaining a strong educational foundation, and committing to lifelong learning, you can effectively grow and succeed as a data scientist in this dynamic and evolving field.

Career Development

Data scientists have a structured and progressive career path that evolves with experience and skill development. Here's an overview of the typical progression:

Entry-Level Positions

  • Data Analysts or Junior Data Scientists
  • Focus on basic SQL, Excel, simple visualizations, and introductory programming in Python or R
  • Responsibilities include data extraction, interpretation, and basic statistical analysis

Mid-Level Positions

  • Mid-Level Data Scientists handle more complex projects
  • Construct machine learning models, build ETL pipelines, and write advanced SQL queries
  • More autonomy over projects with some direction from seniors

Senior Positions

  • Senior Data Scientists take on leadership and strategic roles
  • Determine business requirements, scope projects, and architect systems
  • Require high-level expertise in statistical analysis, machine learning, and data warehousing
  • Strong soft skills for articulating insights and influencing business decisions

Leadership and Management Roles

  • Advancement to Lead Data Scientist, Director of Data Science, or Chief Data Scientist
  • Oversee data science teams and drive data-driven business strategies
  • Recruit and mentor data scientists, establish data projects and management plans

Career Focus Options

  • Technical focus: Transition to Data Engineer or Machine Learning Engineer roles
  • Business focus: Move into Business Manager positions in various departments

Salary and Growth Prospects

  • Salaries increase significantly with seniority
  • Entry-level: $131,000 to $189,000
  • Senior director: $222,000 to $350,000
  • Employment growth projected at 35% between 2022 and 2032

Continuous Learning

  • Essential for career advancement due to rapidly evolving field
  • Stay updated through certifications, bootcamps, or advanced degrees By developing both technical and soft skills, data scientists can achieve significant career growth and leadership roles within their organizations.

second image

Market Demand

The demand for data scientists is experiencing significant growth, with several key trends shaping the field in 2024 and beyond:

Growth Projections

  • 35% employment growth expected between 2022 and 2032 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics)
  • 27.9% increase in jobs requiring data science skills by 2026
  • 36% growth in data scientist jobs from 2021 to 2031

Specialization and Advanced Skills

  • Increasing demand for specialized roles like machine learning engineers and data engineers
  • Growing emphasis on cloud computing, data architecture, and AI tools

AI and Machine Learning

  • 40% rise in demand for AI and machine learning specialists by 2027
  • Machine learning mentioned in over 69% of data scientist job postings
  • Significant increase in demand for natural language processing skills

Industry Demand

  • Widespread adoption across various sectors:
    • Technology & Engineering (28.2%)
    • Health & Life Sciences (13%)
    • Financial and Professional Services (10%)
    • Primary Industries & Manufacturing (8.7%)
  • Healthcare analytics market expected to reach $84.2 billion by 2027

Market Size and Economic Impact

  • Global AI market estimated to reach $190.61 billion by 2025
  • Machine learning market projected to hit $96.7 billion by 2025
  • Data science platform market forecasted to grow to $1,826.9 billion by 2033

Essential Skills and Salaries

  • Python remains the most popular programming language
  • Key skills: statistics, machine learning, TensorFlow, and sci-kit-learn
  • Average annual salary in the U.S.: $120,000 to $122,840
  • Top professionals earning over $200,000 per year The data scientist job market remains robust, with a strong emphasis on specialization, advanced skills, and the integration of AI and machine learning across industries.

Salary Ranges (US Market, 2024)

Data Scientist salaries in the United States vary widely based on experience, location, and industry. Here's a comprehensive overview of salary ranges for 2024:

Average Salaries

  • Overall average base salary: $126,443 per year
  • Average total compensation: $143,360
  • Indeed's reported average: $123,096 per year
  • Jobicy's reported average: $130,000 per year

Salary by Experience Level

Entry-Level (0-3 years)

  • Average base salary: $109,467 to $117,328 per year
  • Base salary range: $85,000 to $120,000 per year
  • Additional cash compensation: $18,965 to $35,401 per year

Mid-Level (4-6 years)

  • Average base salary: $125,310 per year
  • Base salary range: $98,000 to $175,647 per year
  • Additional cash compensation: $25,507 to $47,613 per year

Senior Level (7-9 years)

  • Average base salary: $131,843 to $230,601 per year
  • Base salary range: $207,604 to $278,670 per year
  • Additional cash compensation: $47,282 to $88,259 per year

Principal Data Scientist (10-15 years)

  • Average base salary: $276,174 per year
  • Base salary range: $258,765 to $298,062 per year
  • Additional cash compensation: $77,282 to $98,259 per year

Geographic Variations

Salaries can vary significantly by location:

  • Bellevue, WA: $171,112 per year
  • Palo Alto, CA: $168,338 per year
  • New York, NY: $128,391 per year
  • Chicago, IL: $109,022 per year

Industry Variations

Top-paying industries:

  • Financial services: $146,616 per year
  • Telecommunications: $145,898 per year
  • Information technology: $145,434 per year These figures demonstrate that Data Scientist salaries in the US offer substantial earning potential, with significant increases based on experience, location, and industry specialization. As the field continues to evolve, salaries are likely to remain competitive, reflecting the high demand for skilled professionals in this domain.

The data science industry is experiencing rapid growth and evolution, driven by several key trends:

Growing Demand and Job Market

  • Data scientist positions are projected to grow by 36% between 2023 and 2033, significantly outpacing the national average for all occupations.

Increasing Focus on AI and Machine Learning

  • AI and ML are becoming central to data science, with 69% of job postings including ML requirements.
  • Natural language processing skills are in high demand.

Automation and Advanced Tools

  • Automated machine learning (Auto-ML) is gaining popularity, streamlining various aspects of the data science lifecycle.

Data Ethics and Privacy

  • Concerns over data ethics and privacy are becoming more prominent, requiring data scientists to be well-versed in ethical practices and compliance with privacy laws.

Shift in Required Skills

  • Employers seek data scientists with both technical expertise and business acumen.
  • Skills in programming, statistics, and ML remain essential, but interpreting data in a business context and effective communication are increasingly important.

Emerging Technologies

  • Quantum computing, edge computing, and AI assistants are expected to play larger roles in the future of data science.

Industry Expansion

  • Data science is expanding across various sectors, including technology, healthcare, financial services, and manufacturing.

Advanced Data Skills and Certifications

  • There's a growing demand for full-stack data experts with skills in cloud computing, data engineering, and architecture.
  • Cloud certifications, such as AWS, are becoming more relevant in job requirements.

Predictive Analysis and Decision-Making

  • Predictive analysis is increasingly important for strategic planning and decision-making across industries. The future of data science is marked by rapid technological advancements, increasing demand for specialized skills, and broader application across industries. Data scientists must stay adaptable and continuously update their skills to remain relevant in this dynamic field.

Essential Soft Skills

For Growth Data Scientists, a range of soft skills is crucial for success, complementing technical expertise and enhancing overall effectiveness:

Communication

  • Ability to explain complex technical concepts to both technical and non-technical stakeholders
  • Clear presentation of data findings and alignment with business goals

Problem-Solving and Critical Thinking

  • Breaking down complex problems into manageable components
  • Analyzing information objectively and making informed decisions
  • Challenging assumptions and identifying hidden patterns or trends

Collaboration and Teamwork

  • Working effectively with diverse teams
  • Sharing ideas and providing constructive feedback

Adaptability

  • Openness to learning new technologies and methodologies
  • Willingness to experiment with different tools and techniques

Emotional Intelligence

  • Recognizing and managing one's own emotions
  • Empathizing with others and building strong professional relationships

Leadership Skills

  • Leading projects and coordinating team efforts
  • Influencing decision-making processes

Negotiation and Conflict Resolution

  • Advocating for ideas and addressing concerns
  • Finding common ground with stakeholders
  • Resolving disagreements and maintaining harmonious working relationships

Time and Project Management

  • Planning and organizing project tasks
  • Delegating responsibilities and overseeing team work

Creativity

  • Generating innovative approaches and uncovering unique insights
  • Combining unrelated ideas and proposing unconventional solutions

Empathy and Active Listening

  • Aligning with business goals and understanding stakeholder needs
  • Building positive relationships and ensuring actionable data insights Mastering these soft skills enhances a Growth Data Scientist's ability to collaborate, communicate, and drive successful project outcomes, ultimately contributing more effectively to their organization.

Best Practices

To ensure the effective growth and utilization of data science teams, organizations should implement the following best practices:

Data Quality Management

  • Establish defined data collection processes
  • Use cleaning tools to remove incorrect or duplicate data
  • Ensure data accuracy and relevance for reliable analysis

Problem Definition

  • Thoroughly define problems before starting projects
  • Identify stakeholders and set clear parameters (priority, clarity, usable data, ROI)
  • Systemize data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Data Modeling

  • Use accurate and up-to-date data models
  • Implement a model validation process
  • Predict future outcomes and make informed decisions

Effective Communication

  • Use plain language and avoid technical jargon
  • Tailor communication to stakeholder needs
  • Ensure insights are understood and actionable

Evaluation Metrics

  • Set clear evaluation metrics upfront
  • Use business judgment to select relevant metrics
  • Create custom metrics aligned with business priorities when necessary

Baseline Establishment

  • Create a common-sense baseline for comparison
  • Uncover issues with data access, cleanliness, and timeliness

Agile Methodology

  • Divide projects into sprints
  • Prioritize tasks and interact closely with stakeholders
  • Ensure continuous improvement and adaptation

Stakeholder Management

  • Establish transparent communication channels
  • Convey all possible project outcomes
  • Initiate collaborative efforts

Tools and Infrastructure

  • Match appropriate tools with data science projects
  • Assess cloud storage capacity and infrastructure scalability
  • Choose suitable programming languages and visualization software

Data-Driven Culture

  • Integrate data science into decision-making processes
  • Share findings widely within the organization
  • Teach data scientists to explain complex ideas simply

Talent Management

  • Recruit the right talent with compelling job descriptions
  • Provide thorough onboarding and clear career advancement paths
  • Offer competitive benefits and opportunities for continuous learning By implementing these best practices, organizations can harness the full potential of their data science teams, ensure high-quality outputs, and drive strategic decision-making.

Common Challenges

Data scientists face various challenges that can impact their effectiveness and project success. Here are some common challenges and potential solutions:

Misalignment and Communication Issues

  • Challenge: Misalignment between data, business, and technology teams
  • Solution: Improve communication using everyday language and educate business stakeholders

Lack of Clarity and Alignment with Business Needs

  • Challenge: Unclear starting points for data science initiatives
  • Solution: Engage with management to understand strategic needs and develop aligned roadmaps

Inappropriate Team Structure

  • Challenge: Data science teams buried within IT structures or lacking support
  • Solution: Adopt a client-first mindset and appoint dedicated data science leaders

Talent and Skill Gaps

  • Challenge: Shortage of skilled professionals and need for continuous upskilling
  • Solution: Offer competitive salaries, benefits, and opportunities for professional development

Data Preparation and Cleansing

  • Challenge: Time-consuming data cleaning and preparation tasks
  • Solution: Utilize AI-enabled technologies like Augmented Analytics and Auto feature engineering

Multiple and Unreliable Data Sources

  • Challenge: Managing data from diverse sources
  • Solution: Implement a centralized platform integrated with multiple data sources

Data Security and Compliance

  • Challenge: Ensuring data protection and regulatory compliance
  • Solution: Use advanced ML-enabled security platforms and adhere to data protection norms

Understanding Business Problems

  • Challenge: Lack of thorough understanding of business issues
  • Solution: Collaborate closely with business stakeholders and follow defined workflows

Communicating with Non-Technical Stakeholders

  • Challenge: Explaining complex concepts to non-technical audiences
  • Solution: Develop strong communication and data storytelling skills

Undefined KPIs and Metrics

  • Challenge: Lack of clear business KPIs and metrics
  • Solution: Define and standardize KPIs across all departments

Resistance to Change

  • Challenge: Reluctance to adopt data science initiatives
  • Solution: Ensure user-centered design, strong executive sponsorship, and effective change management By addressing these challenges through improved communication, business alignment, appropriate team structures, and effective data management, organizations can enhance the success of their data science initiatives and drive innovation.

More Careers

GenAI Engineering Director

GenAI Engineering Director

The role of a GenAI (Generative AI) Engineering Director is a high-level position that combines technical expertise, leadership skills, and strategic vision. This overview provides insights into the key responsibilities, qualifications, and compensation associated with this role. Key Responsibilities: - Lead engineering teams in developing and delivering generative AI applications - Drive innovation and strategy in AI product development - Establish partnerships and collaborate with cross-functional teams - Provide technical expertise in software engineering, web services, and machine learning - Foster a creative team culture and manage talent - Represent the organization at external events Qualifications and Skills: - 10+ years of experience leading engineering teams - Advanced degree or equivalent experience in computer science or related field - Strong technical skills in programming, AI/ML, and software development - Excellent communication and leadership abilities - Deep understanding of the generative AI market landscape Compensation and Benefits: - Salary ranges vary by company, typically between $170,000 to $400,000 annually - Additional benefits may include flexible vacation policies, parental leave, and tuition reimbursement Use of Generative AI Tools: - Automation of management tasks and processes - Assistance in hiring and interview processes A GenAI Engineering Director must balance technical leadership, innovation, and strategic management to drive the development of cutting-edge AI solutions while fostering a collaborative and high-performing team environment.

Database Architecture Manager

Database Architecture Manager

A Database Architecture Manager, also known as a Data Architect, plays a crucial role in designing, implementing, and managing an organization's data infrastructure. This position is vital in today's data-driven business environment, where efficient data management can provide a significant competitive advantage. Key responsibilities of a Database Architecture Manager include: 1. Designing and implementing large-scale databases 2. Leading data-related projects 3. Collaborating with stakeholders to align data architecture with business needs 4. Ensuring data security and integrity 5. Optimizing database performance To excel in this role, individuals need a combination of technical expertise, leadership skills, and analytical abilities. Technical skills include proficiency in database management systems (DBMS), data modeling tools, and programming languages such as SQL, Python, or Java. Strong leadership and communication skills are essential for managing teams and collaborating with various departments. Database Architecture Managers typically specialize in one or more areas: - Database Architecture: Focusing on overall data structure and models - Database Administration: Handling technical aspects of database management - Data Warehouse Architecture: Designing systems for data analysis and reporting - Big Data Architecture: Managing large-scale data using technologies like Hadoop and NoSQL - Cloud Architecture: Implementing data solutions in cloud environments Educational requirements usually include a bachelor's degree in a related field, with many positions requiring a master's degree. Typically, 5-10 years of experience in database management or related areas is necessary, including some supervisory experience. The role of a Database Architecture Manager is critical in ensuring that an organization's data resources are managed efficiently, securely, and in alignment with business objectives. As data continues to grow in importance, the demand for skilled professionals in this field is likely to increase.

Enterprise AI Solutions Manager

Enterprise AI Solutions Manager

The role of an Enterprise AI Solutions Manager is a critical and multifaceted position that bridges the gap between business needs and AI technologies. This overview provides a comprehensive look at the key responsibilities, skills, and qualifications required for this dynamic role. ### Key Responsibilities - **Strategic Leadership**: Develop and drive end-to-end strategies for AI solutions, including vision creation, roadmap development, and market opportunity identification. - **Customer Engagement**: Collaborate closely with clients to identify business problems solvable through AI, scoping and quantifying potential solutions. - **Cross-Functional Team Management**: Lead diverse teams of data scientists, engineers, and developers to create and implement AI solutions. - **Project Oversight**: Manage major AI deployment projects, ensuring quality standards and timely delivery. - **Stakeholder Communication**: Act as a liaison between internal teams, external partners, and executives, fostering alignment and collaboration. - **Ethical AI Advocacy**: Champion ethical AI practices, ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards. ### Skills and Qualifications - **Education**: Bachelor's degree in a relevant field (e.g., Engineering, Computer Science, Statistics); advanced degrees often preferred. - **Experience**: 4-10 years of relevant work experience in areas such as management consulting, product management, or data science. - **Industry Knowledge**: Deep understanding of business operations and at least one target industry. - **Technical Proficiency**: Strong grasp of AI concepts, machine learning, and data science principles. - **Analytical and Communication Skills**: Excellent problem-solving abilities and the capacity to communicate complex ideas effectively. - **Leadership**: Proven ability to lead projects, mentor teams, and influence across diverse groups. ### Additional Considerations - **Travel Requirements**: Some positions may require significant travel (up to 80%). - **Business Acumen**: Understanding of financial metrics and cost-efficient solution building. - **Adaptability**: Ability to stay current with rapidly evolving AI technologies and industry trends. The Enterprise AI Solutions Manager role demands a unique blend of technical expertise, business savvy, and leadership skills. Successful candidates must be adept at navigating the complexities of AI implementation while driving tangible business value.

Machine Learning Operations Manager

Machine Learning Operations Manager

Machine Learning Operations (MLOps) Managers play a crucial role in the lifecycle management of machine learning models, ensuring their efficient development, deployment, and maintenance within production environments. This overview outlines key aspects of an MLOps Manager's role and the field of MLOps. ### Scope and Objectives MLOps is a multidisciplinary field bridging data science, engineering, and IT operations. It aims to standardize and streamline the machine learning model creation process, making it repeatable, scalable, and reliable. The primary objectives include: - Efficient deployment, monitoring, and maintenance of machine learning models - Alignment of ML initiatives with business objectives - Delivery of measurable value through AI applications ### Key Responsibilities 1. Model Lifecycle Management: Overseeing the entire lifecycle of machine learning models, from data preparation to deployment and ongoing maintenance. 2. Automation and CI/CD: Implementing automated pipelines for model training, validation, and deployment using Continuous Integration and Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) practices. 3. Collaboration and Communication: Facilitating cross-functional collaboration among data scientists, ML engineers, IT operations, and business stakeholders. 4. Monitoring and Maintenance: Tracking model performance, data drift, and system health to proactively address issues and ensure long-term success. 5. Infrastructure Optimization: Optimizing infrastructure to handle computational demands of ML workloads and ensuring repeatable deployment processes. ### Skills and Expertise - Technical Skills: Proficiency in software engineering, DevOps practices, and machine learning technologies. - Project Management: Managing the development lifecycle and aligning models with organizational goals. - Data Management: Overseeing data aggregation, preparation, and integration to support the ML model lifecycle. ### Levels of MLOps Maturity 1. Level 0: Minimal automation, manual processes, and rare model upgrades. 2. Level 1: Continuous training and automation tools, enabling model upgrades to accommodate changing needs. 3. Level 2: High-level automation, allowing for the creation and scaling of multiple models through automated pipelines. ### Benefits of MLOps - Efficiency and Reliability: Ensuring efficient and reliable deployment of ML models, reducing errors and speeding up time-to-market. - Scalability: Facilitating the scaling of models to handle varying workloads and ensuring repeatable deployment processes. - Continuous Improvement: Establishing feedback loops to continually refine models based on real-world performance. In summary, MLOps Managers are pivotal in bridging the gap between data science and operations, ensuring that machine learning models are developed, deployed, and maintained effectively, delivering ongoing value to organizations.